Persian literature, chiefly in the realm of poetry apart from its narrative characteristic, has always been a medium for expressing words of morality, spirituality, eulogy, and description. In the ARCHITECTURE of Persian buildings; however, even the smallest fraction of the monument beholds meaning and concepts that associates with the everyday life of the society. Poems are embraced within inscriptions and are in agreement with the specific space and area of the setting and can effortlessly articulate the notions and deliberations of the artist and architect. This feature is visibly manifested in TIMURID and Safavid ARCHITECTURE in the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries.By vigilantly evaluating the content of the inscriptions that include words of praise and eulogy, also the name of the architect, guarantor and the date of construction, the direct involvement between these contents and the overall notion of the people; can be seen. In this paper, the main characteristics of the mentioned periods, the poetry and literature of the age and the correlation between these two will be discussed.Aims:-Recognizing the main architectural traits and the importance of poetry and literature in the Safavid and TIMURID eras.-Understanding the relation between poetry and ARCHITECTURE in the buildings and monuments of these two periods.Questions:-What are the main themes applied in the literature of the TIMURID and Safavid periods?-How can literature affect ARCHITECTURE or vice versa?

The Turkman period is one of the important periods in architectural studies of the Iranian Period. Locating in the border areas between the countries and remaining few buildings due to earthquake caused the research in the ARCHITECTURE of this period encountered to challenges. These challenges led to the Turkman buildings being studied under TIMURID ARCHITECTURE in Iran and under Ottoman ARCHITECTURE in Turkey. Consequently, the ARCHITECTURE of the Turkoman period was little known. Mosques are important architectural types representing part of this period's architectural features. Examination of historic documents, research, and the discovery of the base of Hassan Padshah (King Hassan) Mosque in recent archeological excavations make it possible to re-study the mosques of this historical period to determine the architectural features of Turkman mosques in comparison with TIMURID mosques. The current research aims to compare the mosques of the TIMURID and Turkman periods to determine the architectural differences and commonalities of the mosques of these two periods, which had cultural and political relations with each other in a historical period, to gain a better understanding of the ARCHITECTURE of this period. The results of this comparative study show: the cultural transfers between the TIMURIDs and the Turkmens caused the architectural style of the mosques of these two dynasties to be mutually discussed, which led to the formation of commonalities in ARCHITECTURE. These cultural traditions did not cause the lack of independence of art and ARCHITECTURE of any of the dynasties.

Education has been a huge part of Iranian history and it has changed due to cultural and artistic, social, and political conditions during every historical period. Every change of historical periods and every development of architectural techniques and methods followed up with physical changes in historical schools. This proves that any educational approach in each era is related to the educational system. How the policies of the educational system affect the architectural elements of TIMURID and Safavid schools is the issue of this research and the main question is: what kind of effect did the TIMURID and Safavid educational policies had on the architectural physical elements of schools in these two eras? The method of data collection is research in terms of the type of descriptive-analytical results and in terms of historical-interpretive approach, which is done by typological analysis method and by library data collection method (documentary) and by mapping, document reading, and receipt-taking tools done. In order to determine the evolution of Safavid schools after the TIMURID period, an architectural physical examination was done on the case studies.Evidence shows that the amount of financial support of the school founders has had a great impact on the school dimensions, quality, and many other factors such as the architectural building method. The concept of education was influenced by Iran’s politics at different eras. This is one of the main reasons why educational policy and school’s concept were changed in different periods. These physical changes were impacting different aspects and elements of schools. Such as dimensions, Madrasa and dorms qualities, paying more attention to students housing, changing the school’s entrance, and more. The Safavid era was known as an era during which fundamental changes had been made in the political and social structures, and as mentioned in the research background, this period was one of the most influential periods in the field of education. in this period, the schools had been changed in order to emphasize the importance of education based on factors such as public education policy, public attention, and the Safavid educational system. So, the construction of schools was increased in this period and such an increase was observed both in number and area. In addition, a greater number of educational and residential spaces with higher quality were formed in the Safavid schools. Comparing to the TIMURID era which the super religious policy was ruling the country and almost every school has had a prayer area, dome chamber, or a nave, some of the Safavid schools even did not have had a prayer area at all and only had an educational approach. To sum up, the most common reason for school changes in both periods was to provide a more desirable residential, educational, and prayer space for students.

ARCHITECTURE is an art to regulate space, and one of important elements in ARCHITECTURE is a nature named garden which is a part of ARCHITECTURE. But, always for comprehend ARCHITECTURE of garden and relationship of its elements, there are many obstacles. Perhaps in this situation, the most useful way is referring to tourists’ travel account, and verifying the pictures of hand writing copies. In miniature of Tabriz school, nature exists as a supplementary factor. This research is done with the goal of verifying the impressionable of miniatures of Tabriz school from Iranian garden ARCHITECTURE in first part of 10 th century of Hejira, similar and deferent points of these two elements are introduced by verifying the selected miniatures of Tabriz school. Research method is based on descriptive, analytic and comparative reasoning and presenting statistical charts. The theories of this research shows: The trend to realism in Persian paintings, which originally appeared in Bihzad paintings in Herat school, like a continuous line, has connected paintings of late ninth century to tenth century of Hejira. and by moving Behzad to Tabriz the miniaturists of Tabriz school, by following Behzad’stradition, without disconnecting with ideal conceptions in his paintings, have focused their view point on nature, human and his life; but obvious differences are seen between miniatures and garden ARCHITECTURE that most of these cases emphasize on effect of garden ARCHITECTURE of TIMURID epoch on garden ARCHITECTURE of Safavid epoch.

This paper examines in detail the little-known Friday Mosque (masjid-i jāmi‘) of Firdaus, located southwest of the Khurasan, which has had a key role in developing Saljuq ARCHITECTURE in the area. The original scheme of the mosque was unclear. The lofty īwān and two flanking dome chambers on the west (qibla) side of the courtyard are the central core of the mosque. The main aim of the article is to analyse the ARCHITECTURE of the mosque and demonstrate its association with the architectural style of the Saljuq mosque in the Khurasan area.  During the conservation and restoration measures in 2006, some fresh materials were unearthed. The new findings shed light on the original features of the mosque and revealed its formation. The paper describes the city's history, defines its architectural characteristics, and then analyses the present information for replying to the research questions. Owing to the outcomes of the archaeological investigation, the study suggests the general scheme of the mosque as a further example of the two- īwān mosque, which may be dated to the late years of the 6th /12th century. Despite the importance of the mosque, no lengthy study has been published about the building. The accurate drawing of the plan and sections of this monument, with the proposal scheme for the reconstruction of the mosque, are being published in this paper for the first time.

With the arrival of Islam in Iran, the knowledge that had a strong connection with religion flourished in this land. Although in later periods schools were established independently from mosques, because of the religious studies in schools, the connection between mosques and schools was recreated again and they were called mosque-school in Islamic ARCHITECTURE. The integration of the two functions of mosque and school led to spatial innovations and creativity in the ARCHITECTURE of these buildings. Therefore, the ARCHITECTURE of these buildings had quite a special importance in the history of Islamic ARCHITECTURE. This article is based on the assumption that the body of Iranian schools from the Seljuk period to the Qajar period has evolved; It seeks to find the structural characteristics of Iranian schools in each historical period and also the evolution of their spatial arrangement by examining the models. For a better understanding and more specific analysis, the evolution of the spatial arrangement, typology of the structural system, and the relationship of traditional schools were conducted for the mentioned schools. This typology includes topics like structural system, spatial layout, structural communications, how to connect educational and worshiping (prayer) areas, methods of defining space (closed, open, and covered). The data were initially presented using a descriptive method and then they were evaluated through an analytical and adaptive method, and in terms of historical-interpretive approach, it was accomplished with typological analysis method and using library sources, collecting data from historical books, mapping, documents and receipts reading. Study results show that schools in each historical period in order to meet the needs of students, have found specific structural characteristics and this has led to spatial changes, including residential, educational, and worshipping areas. For example, the porches of traditional schools initially had an educational function, and students gathered on the porches to discuss. In some cases, they also had been used for praying purpose. As a result, according to the present study and the case studies, the body of traditional schools in terms of the characteristics of the main components (porch, dorm, madrasa, etc.) and spatial arrangement, have passed evolutionary developments during the Seljuk period, TIMURIDs, Safavids, Qajar.

Today, one of the important topics, which are mentioned in ARCHITECTURE, is the relationship between architectural works with each other and way of effect of such works on them. On the other hand, under current conditions and despite existing trends which look for their own ARCHITECTURE, it is crucial important to interpret how contemporary architectural works are affected by previous architectural monuments.This necessitates for a method and tool for critique and analysis and revision of contemporary ARCHITECTURE in relation to such architectural works and establishment of a framework for dialogue in this regard. Accordingly, the current research aims to interpret the quality of relationship among ARCHITECTURE in public constructions of Uzbekistan and architectural monuments from TIMURID era at this country by taking intertextual approach that will finally led to review of these works and their genealogy. Accordingly, the main research question is that how architectural monuments of TIMURID era in Uzbekistan affect ARCHITECTURE of public constructions in this country? The qualitative methodology has been employed in this study by means of multiple measures, descriptive- analytic, historical- interpretative and comparative techniques and the given statistical population includes architectural public constructions in Uzbekistan during period (1960-1990). Also among statistical population, only those samples with intertextual aspect have been selected. Review of sample and data analysis show in this survey that all samples have dealt with conversation and intertextual communication with TIMURID architectural tradition by trying to compose different layers of this process.

Tolerance policy of TIMURID statesmen, Shi’ it bond with Sufism flow and the effosrt of Shi’ ites, especially after the fall of the Abbasid caliphate provided a ground for the Shi’ ite religion to grow in the TIMURID era (913-771 AH) in various dimensions. This point affects other components of Iranian identity, including art and ARCHITECTURE, and the causes gradual development of Shi’ it approaches in Iranian art and ARCHITECTURE from this time omward (Some use the term "Shiite art"). Increasing the use of Shiite ornaments in buildings such as Imam Zadegan, the shrine of the Eighth Imam (Pbuh), important Iranian mosques and other monuments in the 9th century, confirms this point. In this regard, the definition and formation of this art in general, and the relationship of ARCHITECTURE and the Shi’ ite religion in the TIMURID era in particular is the main question of the present article. The research is done by the use of descriptive-analytical method, field study, and referring to library resources.

The paired form of the two buildings against each other and the importance of decorating the entrances was a prominent feature of TIMURID ARCHITECTURE. This importance to decorated entrances and pairing them in the architectural complexes of the Transoxiana area has been repeated over and over, especially in two cities of "Samarkand" and "Sabz". By contrast, in the city of Herat, the third capital of the TIMURIDs, due to numerous demolitions, there is little physical documents of architectural works. Although historical documents cited examples of construction on paired form on this axis, it is difficult to draw a clear outline of its features on the Khyaban-e Herat axis. In this paper, while examining the pairing characteristics in important examples of TIMURID ARCHITECTURE in the Transoxiana region, and then, by analyzing historical sources and documents, the pairing characteristics of the Khyaban-e Herat buildings are identified and compared with similar ones in Transoxiana. The information of this article has been collected by library methods, visual observation and comparison of the findings and the research have been done by the comparative-analytical method. The results of this study show that Khyaban-e Herat falls into the category of burial axis in the TIMURID ARCHITECTURE collection, but in compared with the features of the pre-existing burial axial set in this period, it has unique characteristics. The results of this study show that Khyaban-e Herat falls into the category of burial axis in the TIMURID ARCHITECTURE collection, but in compared with the features of the pre-existing burial axial set in this period, it has unique characteristics. Except for the tomb, there was various other function in Khyaban-Herat, besides, several city complexes had been operating along the Khyaban axis. Pairing buildings along this axis was mainly done on both sides of the road, not around an enclosure. That is these cases that make Khyaban-e Herat an urban community plan that was gradually being formed.

With the advent of modernism in the world, there have been many discussions about the interaction or confrontation between modern ARCHITECTURE and architectural traditions in many countries. Identity and ARCHITECTURE with national identity is an issue that has received special attention in recent years in all countries. In spite of the currents that seek their own ARCHITECTURE, it is very important to explain how the works of contemporary ARCHITECTURE are influenced by their pre-architectural works, especially those that are in each other's historical-cultural context. This study examines the important and influential features and intra-textual components of identity building in the Tymurid architectural tradition, as one of the most important architectural traditions in Greater Khorasan and in the countries of its civilization, and in landmarks. This period in the countries under study, an attempt has been made to express in a coherent manner how and to what extent the connection between the Tymurid architectural and the works of Contemporary ARCHITECTURE and its various components and layers should be discussed. In this research and through library studies and by studying historical documents and various other sources, qualitative research method using measures Multiple analytical-descriptive and historical-interpretive methods and comparative methods have been used and the statistical population of public buildings of three countries is Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan between 1960 and 1990. Data analysis and research results show that contemporary buildings in these countries have tried to combine different layers in ARCHITECTURE according to the conversation and connection with the Tymurid architectural tradition.